Originally Posted by
drillerpie
In economics as with politics there are different schools of thought rather than one unquestionably correct explanation. I mentioned the other night some economists day any debt is bad, others say debt doesn't matter as long as the economy is going well and the interest payments are low (like Japan for example).
Some people (Trump) see trade deficits as a humiliation and bad for the economy, others see it as potentially damaging but just one part of the economy. It can reduce domestic production but gives consumers more choice and lower prices.
It also depends on how trade relations are with other countries, if you have a deficit with every country you need to find the money to pay for it all either by borrowing or through selling natural resources.
Mercantilism is the economic system which prioritises the reduction of imports and maximisation of exports at all costs, to facilitate the accumulation of reserves like precious metals. It was fashionable a couple of hundred years ago but led to wars either for natural resources to produce stuff to sell, or because another country put import tariffs on your goods and you decided to teach them a lesson. Working conditions actually got worse because manufacturers were under immense pressure to make everything, even goods which weren't easily made in a certain country, and make it cheaper than everyone else.
In the end most modern economies have decided that if you import a lot of something from another country it's because they make it better or cheaper or both, so it's pointless trying to beat them at their own game so to speak. This is generally a good system but harsh on countries with no resources that don't produce anything.
If we all buy goods from the countries that make them better and/or cheaper then the market is efficient and consumers get the best deal, the total number of transactions is maximised and so on, although again if the country's overall deficit is too large it could have problems with unemployment because it's not manufacturing enough and won't have money to invest in the economy unless they borrow it.
Of course you can try to become completely self sufficient, like the USSR did, but that's when you end up driving Ladas and eating pickled gherkins and selling a kidney for a pair of American jeans.
As with everything I'd say moderation is the way forward, a deficit with certain countries is OK but ideally you would have a surplus with others, and you would protect a few key industries from competitom in the interest of national security.