Analysis of penalty kicks has generated a large amount of academic literature even John Nash the Nobel Prize winning mathematician (also the schizophrenic subject of the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind) evaluated more penalty success was gained via neatly taken strikes into the corners of the net at shoulder height.
Interestingly I was reading TSB that in the Newcastle pre-game warm up shooting session for Bamford & Rodrigo, Bamf placed all his shots low centrally & direct at Robles whilst Rod slotted every one neatly to either side of Robles at differing heights.
Studies also found that the colour of the keepers shirt impacts the likelihood of their opponent scoring. The fewest goals was scored against goalkeepers who wore Red (54%) or Yellow (69%) with the two worst colours being Blue (72%) & Green (75%).
Regardless, as you said keepers mentally have nothing to lose as they're not expected to save a spot-kick so are more relaxed mentally than the penalty taker who is expected to score.
The bigger the occasion for required penalty taking success commonly effects the ability to think normally & breathe properly, a condition known as 'isomatic-anxiety' of which the body increases its respiration, heart rate & muscle tension. The extent to which these symptoms affect performance depending on how an 'individual player' perceives the situation at task.
Basically,
1.As this pressure increases an athlete becomes sensitive to 'threat' which causes his attention to redirect to internal stimuli of worry about missing, followed by external stimuli of over focusing on the goalkeeper.
2.Then, this'll cause the individual penalty taker to then self-focus on their own skill focus.
Subsequently all this increased 'conscious-attention' disrupts the automatic thought nature of a well learned & practiced skill causing cognitive & skill performance to deteriorate, aka the phenomenon of choking !
Studies have now also concluded that 'Keepers' whose natural side depends on whether they are right or left handed should favour it around 58% of the time.
Analysis of thousands of real-life 'penalty kicks of footballers came remarkably close to the “John Nash equilibrium equation" as kickers chose their natural side 60% of the time & keepers 57% of the time.
(These numbers excluded those who shoot down the centre, which happens in only about 10% of kicks.)
So yep, it's Defo a complex psychological process when taking penalties Org - oh, and the colour of the keepers shirt.![]()




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